CSC447

Concepts of Programming Languages

Closure Implementation

Instructor: James Riely

Closures and Mutability

• Recall javac requires final i from enclosing scope

  
  for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { 
    new Thread (new Runnable () {
        public void run () { /* rejected: i mutates */
          while (true) { System.out.print (i); }
        }
      }).start ();
  }
                

• So a copy is made

  
  for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { 
    int x = i; 
    new Thread (new Runnable () {
        public void run () { /* accepted: x never mutates */
          while (true) { System.out.print (x); }
        }
      }).start ();
  }
                

Closures and Mutability

• The same holds for lambda expressions

  
  for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { 
    new Thread (() -> { /* rejected: i mutates */
          while (true) { System.out.print (i); }
        }).start ();
  }
                

• So a copy is made

  
  for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { 
    int x = i; 
    new Thread (() => { /* accepted: x never mutates */
          while (true) { System.out.print (x); }
      }).start ();
  }
                

Closures and Mutability

• Scala allows closures over mutable variables!

  
  var i = 1
  while i < 5 do
    Thread (() => 
      while true do print (i)
    ).start
    i = i + 1
                

• We really need a copy...

  
  var i = 1
  while i < 5 do
    val x = i
    Thread (() => 
      while true do print (x)
    ).start
    i = i + 1
                

Closures and Mutability

• Immutable programming is better!

  
  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit =
    for i <- (1 to 4) do
      Thread (() => 
        while true do print (i)
      ).start
                

Why is this tricky?

1. enclosing function outer is called
   • AR contains data x
2. outer returns nested function inner
   • inner references x from outer's AR
   • lifetime of outer's AR and x ends
3. nested function inner is called
   • needs x from outer's AR

def outer (x:A) : B=>C = 
  def inner (y:B) : C = 
    //...use x and y...
  inner
          

Implementation: Closures

• Closures store inner function and environment
• Environment contains variables from enclosing scope
• Lifetime of environment = lifetime of inner function
  • environment is allocated on the heap
• Different implementations in different PLs
• Recurring implementation choice: copy or share?

Implementation Choice

• Closure contains
  • pointer/reference to code for inner
  • a copy of x

def outer (x:A) : B=>C = 
  def inner (y:B) : C = 
    ...use x and y...
  inner
          

Implementation Choice

• Closure contains
  • pointer/reference to code for inner
  • copies of x and u
• inner sees updated u?
• Require u to be immutable?

def outer (x:A) : B=>C = 
  var u:A = x
  def inner (y:B) : C = 
    //...use u and y...
  u = u + 1
  inner
          

Implementation Choice

• Alternatively, share u
• Closure contains
  • pointer/reference to code for inner
  • copy of x
  • reference to shared u (on heap)

def outer (x:A) : B=>C = 
  var u:A = x
  def inner (y:B) : C = 
    //...use u and y...
  u = u + 1
  inner
          

Scala2.12 Implementation

object Closure:
  def outer (x:Int) : Boolean=>Int = 
    def inner (y:Boolean) : Int = 
      x + (if y then 0 else 1)
    inner
          

$ scalac Closure.scala

$ ls -1 Closure*
Closure$$anonfun$outer$1.class
Closure.class
Closure$.class
Closure.scala
          

Scala2.12 Implementation

• The closure is an instance of the second class
• x copied into field x$1

$ javap -p Closure
Compiled from "Closure.scala"
public final class Closure {
  public static scala.Function1<java.lang.Object, java.lang.Object> outer(int);
}

$ javap -p Closure\$\$anonfun\$outer\$1
Compiled from "Closure.scala"
public final class Closure$$anonfun$outer$1 extends scala.runtime.AbstractFunction1<java.lang.Object, java.lang.Object> {
  private final int x$1;
  public final int apply(boolean);
  public Closure$$anonfun$outer$1(int);
}
          

Scala2.12 Implementation

• u is a var declaration, so is mutable

object Closure:
  def outer (x:Int) : Boolean=>Int =
    var u:Int = x
    def inner (y:Boolean) : Int =
      x + u + (if y then 0 else 1)
    inner
          

Scala2.12 Implementation

• x copied into field x$1
• u shared on heap via reference in field u$1

$ javap -p Closure\$\$anonfun\$outer\$1
Compiled from "Closure.scala"
public final class Closure$$anonfun$outer$1 extends scala.runtime.AbstractFunction1<java.lang.Object, java.lang.Object> {
  private final int x$1;
  private final scala.runtime.IntRef u$1;
  public final int apply(boolean);
  public Closure$$anonfun$outer$1(int, scala.runtime.IntRef);
}
          

Further reading

• There are some great resources about closures in the javascript world, such as this